A Brief Note On Wrongful Death Lawsuit Of Ard V. East...

Wrongful Death Lawsuit Sonja S. Kennedy MHA 622 (NDB 1435A): Health Care Ethics and Law Instructor: Jared Rutlege September 15, 2014 Abstract: The plaintiff in Ard v. East Jefferson General Hospital, stated on 20 May, she had rang the nurses station to inform the nursing staff that her husband was experiencing symptoms of nausea, pain, and shortness of breathe. After ringing the call button for several times her spouse received his medication. Mrs. Ard noticed that her husband continued to have difficulty breathing and ringing from side to side, the patient spouse rang the nursing station for approximately an hour and twenty-five minutes until the defendant (Ms. Florscheim) enter the room and initiated a code blue, which Mr. Ard didn’t recover. The expert witness testified that the defendant failed to provide the standard of care concerning the decease and should have read the physician’s progress notes stating patient is high risk upon assessment and observation. The defendant testified she checked on the patient but no documentation was noted. The defendant expert witness disagrees with breech of duty, which upon cross-examination the expert witness agrees with the breech of duty. The district judge, upon judgment, the defendant failed to provide the standard of care (Pozgar, 2012, p. 215-216) and award the plaintiff for damages from $50,000 to $150,000 (Pozgar, 2012, p. 242). Why Did Things Go Wrong In a healthcare organization, â€Å"professional nursing is

Ap Courses Should Not Be Offered At New West Essay

Many schools in the country offer students the chance to take Advanced Placement courses. Every student has heard time and time again that taking these courses are necessary to prepare for life after high school. Unfortunately, that claim is not the truth and is being proven to be false each day. AP courses should not be offered at New West because they do not offer the opportunity to go into deep discussion on topics being taught, selective schools such as Dartmouth and Brown are not giving them as much importance, and because the courses affect the quality of the school for the worse. AP courses are not allowing students to delve into the material they are being taught. Students and school officials would be surprised on knowing this realization because many would argue that AP courses provide students with the best education the school offers. These courses are having instructors teach to the test so that the students have a better chance of getting into their preferred college. Many teachers are having to resort to teaching terrible skills to have the students excel in the AP exam. Students are taught to skip on the foundations of an essay and to score the maximum points on the grading rubric with just enough evidence to squeeze by, according to retired high school teacher Keith Bernstein.This type of teaching gives the example that students only need to meet the limit and not show their true potential. Offering these courses will also require teachers to move quickly onShow MoreRelatedReview Of Interscholastic Athletics And Co-Curricular Academic Activities1258 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome remarks by Ms Rapp: Thanked everyone for joining and introduce new employee D’Angelo Galang who replaced Missy Gingrich as the Far East Activities Coordinator. 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Aggression Nature/Innate Factors Free Essays

There is no simple or single entity which we can call aggression† (Stainton Rogers et al. 1995, p. 169). We will write a custom essay sample on Aggression Nature/Innate Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now What does this statement mean and what are the implications for Psychological theories which attempt to explain aggression?   Aggression is part of every person’s personality. For each individual at some point of our lives, we tend to be aggressive towards another person or towards the situation. There is no simple or single entity which we can call aggression† (Stainton Rogers et al. 1995, p. 169). There are several psychological theories which explains aggression these can be a result of nature, environmental factors and social factors.   Nature/Innate Factors:   Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. In his early theory, Freud asserts that human behaviors are motivated by sexual and instinctive drives known as the libido, which is energy derived from the Eros, or life instinct . Thus, the repression of such libidinal urges is displayed as aggression (Alexandra K. Smith, 1999 http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Smith.html) In the Oedipus complex, a boy is fixated on his mother and competes with his father for maternal attention. The opposite, the attraction of a girl to her father and rivalry with her mother, is sometimes called the Electra complex. (changingminds.org) Freud came to the conclusion that humans have not one but two primary instincts. He called the life-favoring instinct Eros, one of the Greek words for â€Å"love,† and the death instinct Thanatos, the Greek word for â€Å"death.† (Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Norton, 1960). Another theory about aggression is Konrad Lorenz’s instinctual aggression. Lorenz examined herring gulls and other territorial birds. They defend their territory( their food breeding source ) by aggression using fixed action patterns, elicited by sign stimuli. The build up of internal forces did not seem to play a role in the theory. Aggression is an instinct, serving territoriality, elicited by biologically relevant signs, is automatic, and difficult to inhibit out with certain biologically based sign inhibitors (www.psy.gla.ac.uk, p. 2). Environmental Factors: Identification with the aggressor which is defined as   version of introjection that focuses on the adoption, not of general or positive traits, but of negative or feared traits. If you are afraid of someone, you can partially conquer that fear by becoming more like them (Dr. C. George Boeree, 1997 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html). To cite an example is the Stockholm Syndrome. A woman named Patty Hearst was capture by a small group of self -proclaimed revolutionaries called the Symbionese Liberation Army. She was kept in closets, mistreated and even raped. Yet she decided to join her captors , making little propaganda videos for them and even waving a machine gun around during a bank robbery. When she was later tried, psychologists strongly suggested she was a victim, not a criminal. She was nevertheless convicted of bank robbery and sentenced to 7 years in prison. Her sentence was commuted by President Carter after 2 years ( (Dr. C. George Boeree, 1997 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html).   Citing this example we can relate that aggression is caused by the environmental factor that the aggressor created. The most well known drive theory of aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis proposed by a group of researchers at Yale led by John Dollard. He and his colleagues define frustration as â€Å"an interference with the occurrence of an instigated goal-response at its proper time in the behavioral sequence.†(Dollard, et. al. 1939, p.7) In this theory, frustration and aggression are linked in a cause and effect relationship. Frustration is the cause of aggression and aggression is the result of frustration.( Alexandra K. Smith,1999). The prison cell setting can be an example of this theory since inmates who are extremely frustrated can be more aggressive or commit more crimes.   Social Factors: Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. Among others Albert Bandura is considered the leading proponent of this theory (Ormrod, J.E. (1999). General principles of social learning theory follows: 1. People can learn by observing the behavior is of others and the outcomes of those behaviors. 2. Learning can occur without a change in behavior. Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior, in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a behavior change. 3. Cognition plays a role in learning. Over the last 30 years social learning theory has become increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning. Awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments can have a major effect on the behaviors that people exhibit 4. Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories. (Ormrod, J.E. (1999).   The conclusion of this school of thought on aggression has been summed up: â€Å"Human aggression is a learned conduct that, like other forms of social behavior, is under stimulus, reinforcement, and cognitive control.†Ã‚   Bandura, Albert. The Social Learning Theory of Aggression. In R. A. Falk and S. S. Kim, (Eds.), The War System: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980, p.146.    How the environment reinforces and punishes modeling: People are often reinforced for modeling the behavior of others. Bandura suggested that the environment also reinforces modeling. This is in several possible ways: 1. The observer is reinforced by the model. For example a student who changes dress to fit in with a certain group of students has a strong likelihood of being accepted and thus reinforced by that group. 2. The observer is reinforced by a third person. The observer might be modeling the actions of someone else, for example, an outstanding class leader or student. The teacher notices this and compliments and praises the observer for modeling such behavior thus reinforcing that behavior. 3. The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences. Many behaviors that we learn from others produce satisfying or reinforcing results. For example, a student in my multimedia class could observe how the extra work a classmate does is fun. This student in turn would do the same extra work and also receive enjoyment. 4. Consequences of the model’s behavior affect the observers behavior vicariously. This is known as vicarious reinforcement. This is where in the model is reinforced for a response and then the observer shows an increase in that same response. Bandura illustrated this by having students watch a film of a model hitting a inflated clown doll. One group of children saw the model being praised for such action. Without being reinforced, the group of children began to also hit the doll . Contemporary social learning perspective of reinforcement and punishment: 1. Contemporary theory proposes that both reinforcement and punishment have indirect effects on learning. They are not the sole or main cause. 2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior that has been learned. 3. The expectation of reinforcement influences cognitive processes that promote learning. Therefore attention pays a critical role in learning. And attention is influenced by the expectation of reinforcement. An example would be, where the teacher tells a group of students that what they will study next is not on the test. Students will not pay attention, because they do not expect to know the information for a test. Cognitive factors in social learning: Social learning theory has cognitive factors as well as behaviorist factors (actually operant factors). 1. Learning without performance: Bandura makes a distinction between learning through observation and the actual imitation of what has been learned. 2.Cognitive processing during learning: Social learning theorists contend that attention is a critical factor in learning. 3. Expectations: As a result of being reinforced, people form expectations about the consequences that future behaviors are likely to bring. They expect certain behaviors to bring reinforcements and others to bring punishment. The learner needs to be aware however, of the response reinforcements and response punishment. Reinforcement increases a response only when the learner is aware of that connection. 4. Reciprocal causation: Bandura proposed that behavior can influence both the environment and the person. In fact each of these three variables, the person, the behavior, and the environment can have an influence on each other. 5. Modeling: There are different types of models. There is the live model, and actual person demonstrating the behavior. There can also be a symbolic model, which can be a person or action portrayed in some other medium, , such as television, videotape, computer programs. Ormrod, J.E. (1999). Given the three concepts on how aggression can be associated with, I have considered that we cannot conclude that one factor is the strongest among the three. Our lives are interrelated one way or another, our innate drives, environment, and social learning can be associated on how we respond to situations that can unleash aggression. References: Books: Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Norton, 1960. Ormrod, J.E. ,1999. R. A. Falk and S. S. Kim, (Eds.), The War System: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980, p.146. Stainton Rogers et al. 1995 p. 169 Journal Articles: Dr. C. George Boeree, 1997 http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/freud.html Alexandra K. Smith, 1999 http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Smith.html How to cite Aggression Nature/Innate Factors, Papers

Financial Ethical Issue-7-Eleven-Case-Study-Samples for Students

Question: Describe an Ethical Issue related to the Financial Accounting of an Organization. Answer: Introduction This report aims to describe an ethical issue related to the financial accounting of an organization. Financial accounting is a very imperative part of business that describes integrity and values of a company through its corporate transparency with its stakeholders in long term (Otalor Eiya, 2013). Thus, this study elaborates the case study of 7-Eleven a convenience store in Australia to exhibit the importance and role of ethics in business organizations. Along with this, the report also insights some recommendation for future related to the case study. Moreover, it has been analyzed that often big organizations involved in scandals are encouraged by the top level management such as cases like Toshiba and FIFA scandal in 2015(Matthews Gandel, 2015). However, fair and true view of accounting helps an organization to earn credibility in the market. The business of an organization should be based on the morals and ethical code of conduct that protects the right of the clients, shareh olders and its employees. There are various branches of business ethics that helps the organizations in structuring strong ethical practices in the business environment such as corporate social responsibility, code of conducts, compliances and corporate governance. Role and importance of ethics in business An ethical business practice makes a great value to the companies in the market which is very importance for its survival with other competitors (Mihailovi?, et al., 2015). Ethics in business is a necessary tool that helps the organization in executing their business activities in a systematic and legally valid way. The business imposing ethical practices facilitates flexibility while negotiating with the government and labor union. In addition to this, it helps the organizations in achieving honesty and fairness in business which gives transparency and credibility in corporate governance. The organization also gains trust of investors in the market when executes its business with ethics and morals that facilities them easy loans and money from the stakeholders and banks. Moreover, it provides effective and impressive leadership skills to the organization which assembles and strengthens the relationship of human resource and shareholders at the same time (Kumar, et al., 2014). Ethica l practices improve the decision power of the company and create monopoly of organization among its competitors in the market. Concept of ethical dilemma in financial accounting Financial and accounting ethical behavior is very important issue that has been invigilated by the government and financial institution to avoid any scams and scandals (Ferrell et al., 2012). Financial and accounting reporting includes ethical issues such as asset misappropriation, financial reporting with deceitful or fake amount, full disclosure which are very common in any scandal. It destroys the organizations goodwill in the market and failure the business activities. Not only has it ended the growth of many organizations, but also impacted on workers and stakeholders negatively to a great extent (Brink, 2011). For this purpose many organizations such as GAAP, investment accounting, disclosure rules, American accounting standards, international financial reporting system and security and exchange commission has set some guidelines, regulations and rules while recording the accounts. The ethical dilemmas consist of accounting and financial reporting in the organizations, which ca n be resolved with the help of chartered accountants and other professionals of their respective fields. Some of the major solutions to make the transparency unquestionable from the start are showing consistency in the accounting and reporting regarding financial details as per true and fair view in records, integration of information technology system to make the clear transactional record, use proper evidence approach though billing and invoices. Along with this, coordinating values of organization between management and internal supports also helps in appropriate recording of the transaction (Mihailovi? et al., 2015). 7-Eleven Company Wage Scandal- Case Study 7-Eleven company was commenced in Texas, US in 1927 is a very renowned Convenience store chain around the world. It is being situated in more than 18 countries with 56600 stores in the world (7-Eleven, 2017). Recently, the company was in news because of the wage theft scandal in Australia in August 2015. The charges on the company were very serious on hiring low wage workers from foreign countries which are residing illegally in Australia from a long time. The company was exploiting its foreign workers from ages and threatened their workers for not exposing these practices. In case any complain been raised by any worker, the worker was fired and threatened by the management of the company. This prevents the scandal uninformed till 2015 and no legal charges were filed till that time. It has also been found in the investigations that 7-Eleven did not operate its business as per financial accounting standards since employees were not given half of their minimum payrolls rates (Ferguson Toft, 2015). In fact, sometimes company gave no compensation or half of the minimum payroll to the foreign workers for their overtimes, weekends, holidays and night shifts. These practices and theft of workers wages in terms of accounting was recorded in more than two third of the franchises of the company in Australia. In the meanwhile, it has also been discovered that the company has fired several employees without any compensation for their due wages. Along with that, former employees were underpaid like half of the minimum legal rate of wages holiday. It has also been revealed, that somehow wage theft in 7-Eleven case was exposed in 2015. After the depiction, company started giving their workers a minimum legal payroll whilst within sometime they started recollecting half of the money in cash from the workers after giving them wages. Hence, situation remained the same as before. As a consequence, when the case reopened and exposed for the second time, the jury of the court took all the underpaid wage claims individually for each worker. It has also been realized that the top-level authorities were also involved in the case which cleared the doubts on why any action was not taken even after many complaints from workers to the top supervisors and management. Top management also helped the manageme nt in concealing the complaints by firing the employees who raised their voices against management (Ferguson Danckert, 2016). In the end, Russ Withers and Warren Wilmon from the top level management of 7-Eleven were replaced by Bob Baily and Michael Smith respectively after their resignations. In this particular case study, there are several ethical dilemmas that should be considered for the financial reporting accounting such as wage theft. Recording figures with wrong amount and misleading information about the workers actual working hours are some of the major issues in the case. Along with this, there are ethical issues such as non-compliance of stakeholders or workers right of minimum legal wage payroll. The company has recorded all the incorrect financial figures relating to the wages and manipulated its financial accounts (Ekuma Akobo, 2015). The business practice of 7-Eleven was full of false representation of accounts to its shareholders, supported by the top-level management itself. It has been evaluated that by hiring illegal workers and threatening them for less payment also violated the human rights which is against the ethical business practices. Additionally, the study is structured with two theories related to the ethical practices in the accounting including deontological ethics theory and categorical imperative theory (O'Donohue Ferguson, 2003). In deontological theory, the recommendation is fully concerned with the fairness and trueness actions as a priority. It is more about doing the right practices in the business activities and supports it with full commitment and right to do rational things. It is more focused on the rights of everyone more than desire of an individual. In the similar way, categorical imperative theory also assumes and believes in treating others with fairness. It also states that a good leader set an ethical example by following and acting ethically (O'Donohue Ferguson, 2003). It describes the same set of rules for everyone with the same guidelines and practices. Recommendations In the present context, there are some recommendations that can help the management in overcoming the inadequacy in the ethical practices. It has been seen in this case that top level management was supporting the unethical practices of wage theft which suggests that management and top senior authorities should be changed frequently or time to time with a fair system of voting rights of stakeholders (Mehrotra, 2012). The accounting and financial recording was fraudulent and had hidden many assets in the record to deceive stakeholders which is a result of loses internal control and corruption among financial accountants of the company. Thus, all the financial accountants should be changed and a professional trusted chartered accountant should be deployed for the transparent and fair accounting system. The company also requires time to time audits with external authorities to make the recording more trustworthy and to gain trust of all stakeholders again (Crane Matten, 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be inferred that ethical business practices are very essential for business organizations to follow. Unethical activities are often encouraged by the top level or senior level management that converts into scandals and scams later such as Toshiba and FIFA scam. It has also been provided that every crime or violation of ethical code of conducts is exposed after some period of time in any organization that does not follows it. The effective compliance with ethical code of conduct is certainly very important aspect in building trust among stakeholders. It helps in achieving credibility and value in the market. In the present study, 7-Eleven-case study is a perfect example of accounting and financial ethical dilemma that describes the wage theft and accounting record to deceive stakeholders of the organization. The company also violated human right and employment rights by firing and threatening their former employees. The company has not even paid half of the amount according to the minimal legal wage rate. As a recommendation, change of management in some minimum period of time and external audits are suggested. References 7-Eleven. 2017. About Us. Financial. Retrieved on August 16, 2017, from https://corp.7-eleven.com/corp/about Brink, A. 2011. Corporate Governance and Business Ethics. Springer Science Business Media. Crane, A., Matten, D. 2016. Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization. Oxford University Press. Ekuma, K. J., Akobo, L. A. 2015. Human Resource Management Ethics and Professionals Dilemmas: A Review and Research Agenda. Human Resource Management Research 5(3), pp. 47-57. Ferguson A., Toft, K. 2015. Retrieved on August 16, 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-31/exploitation-part-of-7-eleven-business-model-insider-says/6733682 Ferguson, A., Danckert, S. 2016. An inconvenient year for 7-Eleven. Retrieved on August 16, 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/an-inconvenient-year-for-7eleven-20160826-gr1xff.html Ferrell, O. C., et al. 2012. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases. 9th ed. Cengage Learning. Kumar, K. S., et al. 2014. The Importance of Business Ethics in Globalisation -A Study. International Journal of Advancements in Research Technology 3(4), pp. 285- 298. Matthews, C., Gandel, S. 2015. The 5 Biggest Corporate Scandals of 2015. Retrieved on August 24, 2017, from https://fortune.com/2015/12/27/biggest-corporate-scandals-2015/ Mehrotra, C. 2012. Ethics: ?Its Importance, Role and Code in Information Technology. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7(2), pp. 417-421. Mihailovi?, B., et al. 2015. Role of business ethics in management of human resources. 61(1), pp. 85-96. O'Donohue, W., Ferguson, K. E. 2003. Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists: Issues, Questions, and Controversies. SAGE. Otalor, J. I., Eiya, O. 2013. Ethics in Accounting and the Reliability of Financial Information. European Journal of Business and Management 5(13), pp. 73-81. Tham, J. C. 2016. 7-Eleven is the tip of the iceberg in worker exploitation. So who's turning a blind eye? Retrieved on August 16, 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/12/7-eleven-is-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-in-worker-exploitation-so-whos-turning-a-blind-eye